Comprehensive C Language Tutorial

If you are planning to learn or revisit C for any reason, and find the C crash course in the parent directory too fast-paced, consider this tutorial instead. It is more detailed and gradual than the crash course, and you can still pick and choose topics based on your interests.

Fundamentals

#	Article	Description
01	Program Structure and Compilation Basics	Basic structure of C programs, the four stages of compilation, header file mechanisms, and basic I/O
02A	Data Type Basics: Integers and Memory	Integer family, signed vs. unsigned, fixed-width types, and sizeof
02B	Floating-Point, Characters, const, and Type Conversion	Floating-point precision, character encoding, the const qualifier, and implicit type conversion
03A	Operator Basics: Making Data Move	Arithmetic, relational, and logical operators, short-circuit evaluation, and assignment operators
03B	Bitwise Operations and Evaluation Order	Bitwise operations, shift caveats, precedence traps, and sequence points
04	Control Flow: Teaching Programs to Choose and Repeat	Conditional branching, loops, switch fall-through, and the state machine pattern
05	Function Basics and Parameter Passing	Function declaration/definition/calling, pass-by-value, pointer parameters, and recursion
06	Scope and Storage Classes	Scope rules, storage classes, linkage, and the three uses of static
07A	Pointer Essentials: The World of Addresses	Memory model, address-of and dereference operators, pointer arithmetic, and distance calculation
07B	Pointers, Arrays, const, and Null Pointers	Array-to-pointer decay, const and pointer combinations, NULL, and wild pointers
08A	Multi-Level Pointers and Declaration Reading	Multi-level pointer memory models, arrays of pointers vs. pointers to arrays, and cdecl reading rules
08B	restrict, Incomplete Types, and Struct Pointers	restrict optimization, forward declarations, and the opaque pointer pattern
09	Function Pointers and the Callback Pattern	Function pointer declaration and usage, the callback pattern, and event-driven programming
10	Arrays Deep Dive	Memory layout, multi-dimensional arrays, variable-length arrays, and their relationship with pointers
11	C Strings and Buffer Safety	\0 termination model, core string.h functions, and buffer overflow prevention
12	Structs and Memory Alignment	Struct definition, alignment padding rules, and flexible array members
13	Unions, Enums, Bit Fields, and typedef	Type punning, hardware register mapping, and comparison with C++ type-safe alternatives
14	Dynamic Memory Management	malloc/calloc/realloc/free, common memory errors, and debugging
15	Preprocessor and Multi-File Projects	Macros, conditional compilation, header guards, and modular multi-file projects
16	File I/O and Standard Library Overview	File reading and writing, formatted I/O, and command-line argument processing

Advanced Topics

Advanced topics are located in the advanced_feature/ subdirectory, covering more in-depth subjects:

#	Article	Description
01	ARM Architecture and Structure Fundamentals	ARM Cortex-M instruction set, registers, exception vector tables, and processor modes
02	Cache Mechanisms and Memory Hierarchy	Cache lines, mapping strategies, the MESI protocol, and cache-friendly programming
03	C Language Traps and Common Errors	Syntax and semantic traps, compiler behavior, and standard specification analysis
04	Implementing OOP in C	Simulating classes with structs and function pointers, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism
05	Building a Dynamic Array from Scratch	Type-safe dynamic array library, memory resizing, and API design
06	Building a Singly Linked List from Scratch	Insertion, deletion, and search algorithms, along with sentinel node techniques
07	Embedded C Programming Patterns	Register access, volatile, interrupt safety, and peripheral abstraction layers
08	Building Reusable C Code	Modular design, opaque pointers, and platform abstraction layers