Glossary

This glossary collects the core terms that show up across the project's tutorials, grouped by domain, and pairs each English term with its Chinese counterpart. The point is to keep terminology consistent across the whole site, so the same concept never picks up different translations from one article to the next.

C++ Language Features

English	Chinese	Notes
RAII (Resource Acquisition Is Initialization)	资源获取即初始化	The core C++ resource management paradigm
move semantics	移动语义	Core C++11 feature, avoids unnecessary copies
rvalue reference	右值引用	T&&, the foundation of move semantics
perfect forwarding	完美转发	std::forward, preserves value category
copy elision	拷贝消除	Compiler optimization that omits copy/move operations
return value optimization (RVO)	返回值优化	Named NRVO, unnamed URVO
zero-overhead abstraction	零开销抽象	C++ design philosophy, you don't pay for what you don't use
smart pointer	智能指针	unique_ptr, shared_ptr, weak_ptr
unique pointer	独占指针	std::unique_ptr, exclusive ownership
shared pointer	共享指针	std::shared_ptr, reference-counted shared ownership
weak pointer	弱引用指针	std::weak_ptr, breaks circular references
intrusive pointer	侵入式指针	Reference count embedded inside the object
constexpr	常量表达式	Compile-time evaluation, introduced in C++11
consteval	立即函数	C++20, forces compile-time evaluation
constinit	常量初始化	C++20, avoids the static initialization order problem
SFINAE (Substitution Failure Is Not An Error)	替换失败并非错误	Foundational mechanism of template metaprogramming
CRTP (Curiously Recurring Template Pattern)	奇异递归模板模式	Idiom for static polymorphism
template	模板	Foundation of generic programming
template specialization	模板特化	Custom implementations for specific types
template instantiation	模板实例化	Compiler generates concrete code from a template
generic programming	泛型编程	Programming paradigm built on templates
type safety	类型安全	Catches type errors at compile time
type deduction / inference	类型推断	auto, decltype, template argument deduction
type traits	类型特征	<type_traits>, compile-time type queries
concepts	概念	C++20, named constraints on template parameters
constraints	约束	requires clauses, restrict template parameters
lambda expression	Lambda 表达式	Anonymous function object, introduced in C++11
structured binding	结构化绑定	C++17, auto [a, b] = ...
enum class	限定作用域枚举	C++11, type-safe enumeration
variant	变体类型	std::variant, a type-safe union
optional	可选值	std::optional, a value that may be empty
expected	预期值	C++23, return value carrying error information
any	任意类型	std::any, a type-erased container
scope guard	作用域守卫	Runs cleanup actions on destruction
coroutine	协程	C++20, co_await/co_yield/co_return
module	模块	C++20, compilation unit replacing header files
range	范围	C++20, composable algorithms library
view	视图	Lazy adapters in the ranges library
undefined behavior (UB)	未定义行为	Behavior the standard leaves unspecified, with unpredictable results
one definition rule (ODR)	唯一定义规则	Each entity may have exactly one definition per program
stack unwinding	栈展开	Destroying stack objects layer by layer during exception handling
designated initializer	指定初始化器	C++20, {.x = 1, .y = 2}
user-defined literal	用户自定义字面量	operator""_suffix
spaceship operator	飞船运算符	C++20, <=> three-way comparison
atomic operation	原子操作	Indivisible, concurrency-safe operation
memory order	内存序	Ordering constraints on atomic operations
lock-free	无锁	Concurrent algorithms that avoid mutexes
mutex	互斥量	Mutual exclusion lock, protects shared data
semaphore	信号量	Counting synchronization primitive
critical section	临界区	Code region where only one thread executes at a time
deadlock	死锁	Multiple threads waiting for each other to release resources
thread	线程	std::thread, unit of concurrent execution
span	视图跨度	std::span, non-owning view of a contiguous sequence
EBO (Empty Base Optimization)	空基类优化	An empty class takes no space as a base class
static polymorphism	静态多态	Compile-time polymorphism via CRTP or templates

Embedded Hardware

English	Chinese	Notes
MCU (Microcontroller Unit)	微控制器	A single chip integrating CPU, memory, and peripherals
SoC (System on Chip)	片上系统	Highly integrated single-chip system
register	寄存器	Hardware-programmable control/data unit
interrupt	中断	Hardware signal that interrupts the CPU's normal flow
interrupt service routine (ISR)	中断服务程序	Function executed when an interrupt fires
DMA (Direct Memory Access)	直接内存访问	Peripheral-memory data transfer without the CPU
GPIO (General-Purpose I/O)	通用输入输出	Configurable digital pins
ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter)	模数转换器	Converts analog signals to digital
DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter)	数模转换器	Converts digital signals to analog
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)	脉宽调制	Controls output via duty cycle
PLL (Phase-Locked Loop)	锁相环	Circuit that generates multiplied clock signals
AHB (Advanced High-performance Bus)	高级高性能总线	ARM's internal high-speed bus
APB (Advanced Peripheral Bus)	高级外设总线	ARM's internal peripheral bus
clock tree	时钟树	Clock distribution network from crystal to every module
pull-up resistor	上拉电阻	Pulls the level high by default
pull-down resistor	下拉电阻	Pulls the level low by default
push-pull	推挽输出	Can actively drive high or low
open-drain	开漏输出	Can only pull low, requires an external pull-up resistor
debounce	消抖	Filters out bounce from mechanical switches
watchdog	看门狗	Safety mechanism that resets the CPU on timeout
EXTI (External Interrupt)	外部中断	Interrupt triggered from an external pin
peripheral	外设	Independent functional module inside the MCU
PCB (Printed Circuit Board)	印制电路板	Carrier for electronic components
NVIC (Nested Vectored Interrupt Controller)	嵌套向量中断控制器	ARM Cortex-M interrupt controller
HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer)	硬件抽象层	ST's official peripheral driver library
linker script	链接脚本	Defines memory layout and section placement
startup code	启动代码	C runtime initialization, runs before main

RTOS (Real-Time Operating System)

English	Chinese	Notes
RTOS (Real-Time Operating System)	实时操作系统	OS that guarantees response times
scheduler	调度器	Decides which task gets the CPU
context switch	上下文切换	Saves/restores task execution state
priority inversion	优先级反转	A low-priority task blocks a high-priority one
preemptive scheduling	抢占式调度	High-priority tasks can preempt low-priority ones
cooperative scheduling	协作式调度	Tasks voluntarily yield the CPU
task / thread	任务 / 线程	Unit of execution in an RTOS
tick	系统节拍	Basic time unit of an RTOS
deadline	截止时间	Point in time by which a task must finish
queue	消息队列	FIFO for passing data between tasks
priority inheritance	优先级继承	Protocol that resolves priority inversion
inter-process communication (IPC)	进程间通信	Mechanism for exchanging data between tasks
binary semaphore	二值信号量	Semaphore with only two states, 0/1
counting semaphore	计数信号量	Semaphore whose count can exceed 1
event group	事件组	Multi-bit flag event synchronization mechanism
idle task	空闲任务	Runs when no other task is ready
real-time	实时	Requirement for deterministic response times

Toolchain

English	Chinese	Notes
cross-compile	交叉编译	Build code for one platform on another
toolchain	工具链	Compiler + assembler + linker bundle
CMake	CMake	Cross-platform build system generator
Makefile	Makefile	Configuration file for the make build tool
flash	烧录	Writes the program into the target chip
debug probe	调试探针	Hardware debugger linking host and target board
JTAG	JTAG	Joint Test Action Group debug interface
SWD (Serial Wire Debug)	串行线调试	ARM's two-wire debug interface
OpenOCD	OpenOCD	Open-source on-chip debugger
ELF (Executable and Linkable Format)	ELF 格式	Executable and Linkable Format, compiler output
hex	Intel HEX 格式	Text format used for flashing
objcopy	对象复制	Format conversion tool (ELF→HEX/BIN)
compiler flag	编译器选项	Command-line parameter that controls compilation
optimization level	优化等级	-O0/-O1/-O2/-Os/-O3
preprocessor	预处理器	Handles #include, #define, and friends
linker	链接器	Merges object files into an executable
assembler	汇编器	Turns assembly code into object files
build system	构建系统	Tool that automates the build process
dependency	依赖	One module needing another
static library	静态库	.a/.lib files linked at compile time
shared library	动态库	.so/.dll files loaded at runtime

Debugging

English	Chinese	Notes
breakpoint	断点	Marker that pauses program execution
watchpoint	观察点	Marker that watches memory/variable changes
trace	跟踪	Records program execution flow
semihosting	半主机	Target board uses host I/O through the debugger
ITM (Instrumentation Trace Macrocell)	指令跟踪宏单元	ARM Cortex-M debug output
ETM (Embedded Trace Macrocell)	嵌入式跟踪宏单元	Instruction-level execution tracing
logic analyzer	逻辑分析仪	Tool that captures multi-channel digital signals
oscilloscope	示波器	Instrument for viewing electrical signal waveforms
GDB (GNU Debugger)	GDB 调试器	GNU's open-source debugger
core dump	核心转储	Memory snapshot taken when a program crashes
backtrace	调用栈回溯	Traceback of the function call chain
single-step	单步执行	Executes one instruction/statement at a time
memory leak	内存泄漏	Allocated memory that is never freed
stack overflow	栈溢出	Stack space exhausted